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小惑星ベンヌで発見された生命、しかし非常に単純なもの

iLIFE by iLIFE
2026年2月13日
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小惑星ベンヌで発見された生命、しかし非常に単純なもの
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NASAのOSIRIS-RExミッションによって小惑星ベンヌから持ち帰られた土壌の分析により、宇宙におけるアミノ酸の形成が、天体の熱い内部だけでなく、深い冷却状態でも起こることが示されました。ベンヌのサンプルとマーチソン隕石を比較することで、最も単純なアミノ酸であるグリシンが異なる化学的歴史を持つことが明らかになりました。マーチソン隕石では温かい液体水の中で合成されたのに対し、ベンヌでは太陽系が形成される前の原始的な氷の中で形成されました。小惑星や彗星は、アミノ酸を含む有機物が豊富です。その出現メカニズムが主な謎となっています。有機物は、氷が溶けて岩石と反応する際に小惑星内部で合成されると考えられています。現在、同様の反応(ストレッカー合成)はアミノ酸の工業生産に利用されていますが、これはマーチソンのように地球に落下した隕石でテストされる必要がありました(1969年にオーストラリアで)。50年間の保管後、これらは地球の大気やバクテリアによって汚染されている可能性があります。密封されたカプセルで届けられたベンヌのサンプルは、初期の太陽系の化学プロセスを研究するための初めての機会を提供しました。PNASに発表された研究の著者たちは、超精密な同位体分析を行いました。単に分子を測定するのではなく、彼らは分子内同位体法を適用しました。専門家たちは、グリシン分子を部分に分解し、分子の「尾」(カルボキシル基)とその基部における重い炭素(13C)の含有量を別々に測定しました。単一の分子内の異なる部分間の同位体の分布は、特定の化学反応が物質を生み出したことを示しています。ストレッカー反応の生成物には同位体の不均衡があり、分子の尾は重く、炭素-13が豊富で、頭部には少ないという特徴があります。マーチソン隕石のグリシンでは、グリシン分子の二つの部分間の同位体比が温かい液体水での合成に特有のものでしたが、ベンヌのサンプルでは、グリシン内の炭素原子が同位体的に類似していることが判明しました。これは、分子が宇宙の氷の中で放射線の影響を受けてラジカル反応を通じて形成されたことを示しています。窒素の追加分析はこの仮説を確認しました:ベンヌのアミノ酸は重い窒素(15N)で飽和しており、これは太陽系の冷たい外縁部やさらには星間物質で形成された物体に典型的です。科学者たちはまた、予期しない謎にも直面しました。同じアミノ酸(L-およびD-グルタミン酸)の鏡像対称体は、非生物的な自然では同一であるべきですが、ベンヌでは異なる同位体組成を持っていました。この発見は、分子のキラリティ(対称性)に基づく生命探査の古い方法に疑問を投げかけます。この研究は、初期の地球が二つの異なる源から有機分子を受け取ったことを証明しています。

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