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フロンティア | 水生シュードモナスが大豆のオオミズアオイ植物病原菌を抑制

iLIFE by iLIFE
2026年2月22日
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フロンティア | 水生シュードモナスが大豆のオオミズアオイ植物病原菌を抑制
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**イントロダクション**

オオミカヅキモ科の感染による大豆根腐病は、米国中西部の大豆畑における重要な病原体の問題です。成長期間が長くなることは大豆の収量増加と直接関連しているため、早期播種が現在の推奨される実践となっています(Rowntree et al., 2013)。しかし、寒冷な土壌と季節外れの湿った播種シーズンが重なることで、オオミカヅキモによる根腐病の苗の損失リスクが高まります(Broders et al., 2007; Wei et al., 2011; Zitnick-Anderson and Nelson, 2015)。感染した植物の直接サンプリングにより、さまざまな病原体が関与していることが確認されました。2011年に米国中西部の11州とカナダのオンタリオ州で行われた調査では、2,378のオオミカヅキモの分離株が特定されました(Rojas et al., 2017)。このコレクションには、51種のPythium spp.、3種のPhytophthora spp.、3種のPhytopythium spp.、および1種のAphanomyces sp.が含まれています。調査の2年目には、遅い成長のPhytophthora株の回収を促進するために改良された培地を使用して、54種のPythium spp.、7種のPhytophthora spp.、6種のPhytopythium spp.、および1種のPhytigeton sp.が回収されました。病気の植物から回収された最も一般的な分離株は、2011年にPythium sylvaticum(16%)とPythium oopapillum(13%)、2012年にはPythium sylvaticum(14%)とPythium heterothallicum(12%)でした。これらのPythium種の中には、P. irregulare、P. sylvaticum、P. torulosum、P. macrosporumなどがあり、20°C未満の土壌温度で最も攻撃的に活動します。他の種であるP. ultimumは、12°Cから25°Cの温度範囲で異なる宿主に感染し(Wei et al., 2011)、P. aphanidermatumは20〜25°Cの温度でのみ大豆の苗腐病を引き起こします(Rojas et al., 2017)。

さまざまなオオミカヅキモからの感染を防ぐために、多くの戦略が採用されています。P. sojaeによる病気を防ぐための主要な管理手段は、抵抗性を付与する単一遺伝子を含む大豆品種の導入です(Tyler et al., 2006; Dorrance et al., 2007)。残念ながら、抵抗性のある大豆系統を継続的に使用することは、すべての大豆抵抗性遺伝子を克服できるオオミカヅキモの系統の選択を招き、進化したP. sojaeの病原型による大豆収量の損失を増加させる可能性があります(Wrather and Koenning, 2006)。すでに200以上のP. sojae病原型が土壌から分離されており、新しい病原型の選択は、導入された大豆品種に部分的な抵抗性がある場合に最も急速に進行するようです(Stewart et al., 2014)。Pythium種については、主要な大豆抵抗性遺伝子が特定されていないため、苗腐病や立ち枯れを減少させるための主要な管理戦略として、農薬による種子処理が残っています(Dorrance et al., 2009; Vossenkemper et al., 2015)。処理には、金属アキシルとメフェノキサム、そして多くの異なる広範囲のPythium病原体に対して種子発芽中に保護を提供するフォセチル-Alの組み合わせが含まれます(Esker and Conley, 2011)。Pythium種は多様です。

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