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フロンティア | 環境ストレスに対する植物のパフォーマンスと防御機構を高めるグリシンベタインの役割を解明

iLIFE by iLIFE
2025年7月23日
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フロンティア | 環境ストレスに対する植物のパフォーマンスと防御機構を高めるグリシンベタインの役割を解明
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**極端気象が21世紀の主要な懸念事項に**

近年、極端な気象は21世紀における主要な懸念事項の一つとなっています。利用可能なデータによると、地球の平均表面温度は19世紀後半以来約1.18°C上昇しており、今後30年間でさらに0.2°C上昇することが予想されています(Bailey-Serres et al., 2019)。過去20年間で作物の成長期の始まりと終わりが大きく変化し、これにより作物の生産量が減少し、灌漑用の淡水の量が減少し、生物多様性の喪失が悪化しています(Brown and Cunningham, 2019)。これにより、利用可能な自然資源が脅かされ、作物生産にも悪影響を及ぼしています。厳しい気象パターンや塩、寒冷、熱、凍結、洪水などのさまざまな非生物的ストレッサーは、世界中の作物の収量と食料安全保障を低下させています。都市化、世界人口の増加、土地利用のパターンは、産業化の影響で急速に変化しています。耕作面積が減少しているにもかかわらず、増加する人口に食料を提供することは、科学界における最も重要な課題の一つです。したがって、気候に強い作物を作ることが不可欠であり、世界中で持続可能な食料供給を確保する唯一の方法は、植物のストレス管理のための環境に優しい技術を開発することです(Basit et al., 2024b; Naeem et al., 2024)。

適切な溶質の生成と蓄積は、植物における最も確立されたストレス応答プロセスの一つです。水溶性で膜透過性のない小さな有機代謝物は、互換性のある溶質と呼ばれます。これらは、ストレス応答に対応して細胞質内に高濃度(0.2 M)で蓄積されることができます(Kurepin et al., 2015)。細菌から植物や動物などの高等種に至るまで、多くの原核生物および真核生物の細胞が互換性のあるオスモライトを含むことが示されており、これらの細胞は異なる生物間で多くの化学的多様性を示しています(Rasheed et al., 2024)。植物細胞系では、四級アミン(ベタイン、ポリアミン、ジメチルスルフォニオプロピオン酸)、糖(トレハロース)、糖アルコール(マニトール、ソルビトール、ピニトール、グリセロール、ガラクトシノール)、アミノ酸(プロリン、グルタミン酸、グルタミン、アラニン)およびその誘導体(エクトイン、ヒドロキシエクトイン)など、多くの互換性のある溶質が発見されています(Khan et al., 2009; Narwal et al., 2024)。

グリシンベタイン(GB)は、高い溶解度と低い粘度を持つ低分子量の分子であり、光合成装置(クロロプラストやプラスチドなど)に大きく蓄積されることができます(Ali et al., 2020)。これらの特異な特性により、GBは最も効果的なオスモプロテクタントの一つとされています(Annunziata et al., 2019)。以前の報告によれば、ストレス耐性の程度は一般的にGBの蓄積に関連しています(表1)。しかし、いくつかの植物は、ストレスのある条件や通常の条件下でGBを蓄積しないことが示されています(Zulfiqar et al., 2024)。

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