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ベンヌ小惑星のサンプルがアミノ酸形成の冷たい経路を明らかに

iLIFE by iLIFE
2026年2月10日
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ベンヌ小惑星のサンプルがアミノ酸形成の冷たい経路を明らかに
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小惑星「ベンヌ」は、約46億年前に形成されたと推定されています。この合成画像は、2018年12月にNASAの小惑星探査機「OSIRIS-REx」が撮影した写真から作成されました。OSIRIS-RExは小惑星から地質サンプルを収集し、2023年に地球に帰還しました。クレジット: NASA/Goddard/アリゾナ大学

生命に不可欠なアミノ酸の合成の新たな経路が、小惑星「ベンヌ」の宇宙塵から特定されました。これは、地球上の生命の起源が地球外に起因する可能性を強化する発見と見なされています。ペンシルベニア州立大学のアリソン・バチンスキー教授が率いるチームは、現地時間の9日に「アメリカ国家科学アカデミー紀要」に分析結果を発表し、ベンヌで発見されたアミノ酸「グリシン」が初期太陽系の低温で放射線にさらされた環境で形成された可能性があることを示しました。

極端な宇宙環境でも様々な有機物や生命の基本的な構成要素である糖やアミノ酸が生成されることを示す一連の研究は、小惑星のような地球外の天体が地球上の生命の出現に寄与したという理論を支持するものとなっています。2016年に打ち上げられたNASAの小惑星探査機「OSIRIS-REx」は、約2年の旅を経てベンヌに到達しました。サンプルを収集した後、打ち上げから7年後の2023年に地球に帰還しました。

ベンヌからの宇宙塵サンプル。クレジット: ジェイディン・イシミンガー/ペンシルベニア州立大学

昨年12月、日本の東北大学を含む共同研究チームもベンヌのサンプル分析からの発見を発表し、基本的なエネルギー源であるグルコースや遺伝物質リボ核酸(RNA)の成分であるリボースなどの糖を検出しました。研究チームは、2つの炭素(C)原子を含む単純なアミノ酸であるグリシンに注目しました。グリシンは細胞の構築から化学反応の触媒まで、さまざまな生物学的機能を果たします。小惑星や彗星で見つかったグリシンが初期の地球に運ばれ、生命の誕生に寄与した可能性が示唆されています。

これまで、科学者たちはグリシン形成の主要な経路を「ストレッカー合成」と考えていました。これは、シアン化水素、アンモニア、アルデヒドなどの物質が液体水中で反応するプロセスです。チームは、専門の質量分析装置を使用してベンヌのグリシンを構成する同位体を正確に分析し、1969年にオーストラリアに落下したマーチソン隕石からのアミノ酸の分析結果と比較しました。同位体は同じ原子番号を持つが異なる質量の元素であり、その分布を分析することで物質の形成過程を追跡する手助けとなります。

マーチソン隕石のアミノ酸は、液体水と高温条件の存在下で形成されたと分析されています。初期の地球も同様の環境であったと考えられています。対照的に、

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