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アミノ酸が相分離タンパク質に結合し、生体分子凝縮体の安定性と動態を調節する

iLIFE by iLIFE
2025年9月30日
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**ニュース記事**

**バイオ分子凝縮体の特性におけるアミノ酸の影響を解明**

バイオ分子凝縮体(BCs)は、細胞内で重要な機能を調節する普遍的なコンパートメントです。BCsは複雑な細胞内環境に囲まれており、その中でアミノ酸(AAs)が重要な成分として存在しています。しかし、アミノ酸が凝縮体の成分とどのように相互作用し、凝縮体の物質的特性に影響を与えるかは明らかではありません。

最近の研究では、グリシンがヌクレオフォスミン1とリボソームRNAからなるモデル異種凝縮体を用いて、相分離が抑制されることが示されました。凝縮体の密度は減少し、凝縮体内の動態は増加します。研究者たちは、グリシンがタンパク質の骨格内のアミド基や側鎖の芳香族基に弱く結合し、中性および帯電した無秩序タンパク質間の骨格-骨格相互作用を弱める一方で、芳香族スタッカー間の相互作用を強化することを発見しました。これにより、π/カチオン-π相互作用や電荷複合体によって形成される凝縮体の相挙動が異なる調整を受けることになります。

さらに、他のタンパク質由来のアミノ酸に対してもBCsに対する調整効果が観察され、短いホモペプチドに転送可能であることが示されました。これらの知見は、in vivoでのBCsの動的特性を調整するための戦略を提供します。

バイオ分子凝縮体は、細胞内で液-液相分離を通じて形成される凝縮体であり、さまざまな細胞タイプや発生段階で見られます。最も大きく、最初に観察されたBCは1830年代に報告された核小体です。最近では、これらのBCの形成過程や物理的特性が体系的に研究され、細胞の恒常性や病気におけるBCの基本的な役割が広く研究されています。

アミノ酸は細胞内環境の主要な成分であり、哺乳類細胞の総体積の25%以上、乾燥質量の6%が遊離アミノ酸によって占められていることが報告されています。最近の研究では、アミノ酸がタンパク質間相互作用を調整する一般的な効果を持つことが示されており、特にストレス顆粒の形成過程にも影響を与えることが明らかになっています。これにより、アミノ酸がBCの形成に与える影響についての理解が深まることが期待されます。

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