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フロンティア | デスルファバクテロタにおけるウッド・リュングダール経路と還元グリシン経路の分子進化

iLIFE by iLIFE
2026年1月9日
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フロンティア | デスルファバクテロタにおけるウッド・リュングダール経路と還元グリシン経路の分子進化
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**1. はじめに**

炭素固定経路の起源と初期の進化を解明することは、生命の起源を理解するために不可欠です。地球上の最初の生物が自給自足型(オートトロフ)であったのか、他給自足型(ヘテロトロフ)であったのかは未解決のままですが(Wächtershäuser, 1988; Bada and Lazcano, 2002; Kitadai and Maruyama, 2018; Kitadai et al., 2021)、自給自足型生物の出現が地球上の生態系を確立する上で重要であったことは疑いありません。これは、非生物的プロセスによってのみ生成される有機化合物では、十分なバイオマスを維持することができないためです(Martin and Russell, 2007; Berg et al., 2010; Weiss et al., 2016; Nunoura et al., 2018; Dick, 2019)。初期の生命が二酸化炭素(CO2)をどのように固定し、今日観察される複雑で高度に洗練された代謝システムを獲得するように進化したのかに対する関心が高まっています(Fuchs, 2011; Braakman and Smith, 2012; Moody et al., 2024)。

これまでに、現存する生物において7つの炭素固定経路が特定されています(Berg et al., 2010; Fuchs, 2011; Sánchez-Andrea et al., 2020)。これらの経路の中で、ウッド・リュングダール(WL)経路、または還元アセチルCoA経路と呼ばれる経路は、最も古い経路の一つと考えられており、細菌や古細菌を含む多様な系統にわたって広く保存されているため、最後の共通祖先(LUCA)に存在していたとされています(Peretó et al., 1999; Martin and Russell, 2007; Berg et al., 2010; Braakman and Smith, 2012; Nitschke and Russell, 2013; Schuchmann and Müller, 2014; Weiss et al., 2016; Moody et al., 2024)。WL経路の古い起源は、その構造的単純さと高いエネルギー効率によっても支持されています(Martin and Russell, 2007; Berg et al., 2010; Fuchs, 2011; Schuchmann and Müller, 2014)。

WL経路は、メチルおよびカルボニルの枝を通じて2分子のCO2を取り込み、1分子のアセチルCoAを合成します(図1、青で強調)。細菌のWL経路のメチル枝では、CO2がホルミル脱水素酵素(FDH)によってホルミルに変換され、その後、テトラヒドロ葉酸(THF)に結合したメチル基(-CH3)に還元されてCH3-THFが生成されます。カルボニル枝では、CO2が一酸化炭素脱水素酵素(CODH)によってCOに還元され、その後、CH3-THFのメチル基とCoAと結合してアセチルCoAに変換されます。このWL経路に関与するCODHとACSは、5つのサブユニットからなる複合体を形成し、AcsA、AcsB、AcsC、AcsDは細菌と古細菌の間で保存されており、AcsEとCdhBはそれぞれ細菌と古細菌に特有です(補足表1)。細菌と古細菌の両方において、これら5つのサブユニットの遺伝子はクラスターを形成しています(Adam et al., 2018)。対照的に、AcsAのホモログ(CooS)は、CODH/ACS遺伝子クラスターの外で独立してコードされることが多く、WL経路では機能しません(Techtmann et al., 2012; Adam et al., 2018; Inoue et al., 2019)。遺伝学的および生化学的研究により、この経路が実際に炭素固定に機能することが確認されています。

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