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フロンティア | グリチルリチンのNa2SO4ストレス緩和におけるグリシンベタインの生理学的および分子メカニズム

iLIFE by iLIFE
2025年11月4日
in GLYCINE
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フロンティア | グリチルリチンのNa2SO4ストレス緩和におけるグリシンベタインの生理学的および分子メカニズム
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**1. はじめに**

過剰な土壌塩分は植物の成長に対する主要な制約要因です(Yang and Guo, 2018)。これは浸透圧ストレスを引き起こし、根の水分吸収を妨げます(Isayenkov et al., 2020)。Na+の蓄積は他の必須栄養素の吸収をさらに妨げ(Muhammad et al., 2017)、スーパーオキシドアニオン(O2-)、過酸化水素(H2O2)、ヒドロキシルラジカル(·OH)、一重項酸素(1O2)などの細胞内反応性酸素種(ROS)の急速な蓄積を引き起こします。その結果、ROSは膜の透過性を高め、電解質の漏出を引き起こし、最終的には光合成による炭素同化、呼吸過程、その他の重要な代謝経路に悪影響を及ぼします(Rim et al., 2021)。世界的には、約9,322万ヘクタールの耕作可能な土地が塩害の影響を受けています(Hassani et al., 2020)。強い蒸発、不適切な灌漑、過剰な施肥などの要因がこの問題を悪化させ、塩害を受けた農地がさらに拡大することが予想されています(Huang et al., 2021)。この傾向は農地の生態系を脅かし、農業コストを増加させ、作物の収量と品質を低下させる恐れがあります(Lv et al., 2025)。

作物に対する塩ストレスの悪影響を軽減するために、研究者たちは外因性化合物を利用しています。この戦略は短期的な塩耐性を強化し、植物がストレスに敏感な段階をうまく乗り越えられるようにすることを目的としています。グリシンベタイン(GB)は、広く生物に分布する化学化合物であり(Colak et al., 2024; Jin et al., 2024)、抗酸化剤、浸透圧調整剤、窒素源としての役割から作物に広く利用されています(Li et al., 2025)。研究によれば、グリシンベタイン(GB)は細胞の浸透圧の恒常性を維持するだけでなく(Islam et al., 2024)、プロリン、可溶性糖、可溶性タンパク質などの浸透保護物質の蓄積を促進します(Estaji et al., 2019)。同時に、GBはNa+およびCl-の根からの吸収を制限し、K+およびCa²+の空中組織への移動を促進します(Zuzunaga-Rosas et al., 2022; Habib et al., 2012)。さらに、GBは非酵素的抗酸化物質(グルタチオン、アスコルビン酸)を同時に増加させ、主要な抗酸化酵素—カタラーゼ、スーパーオキシドジスムターゼ、アスコルビン酸ペルオキシダーゼ—の活性を高めます(Khalifa et al., 2016; Shams et al., 2016)。これにより、塩耐性が強化されます。加えて、GBは炭素/窒素代謝を促進し、フェニルプロパノイド経路に関連する遺伝子発現を上昇させることで塩ストレスに対抗します(Kim et al., 2020)。GBの塩ストレスに対する緩和効果は、微細藻類(Song et al., 2024)、米(Rahman et al., 2002)、トマト(Sajyan et al., 2019)などの作物で広く示されていますが、その正確な生理学的および分子メカニズムは未だ明らかではありません。

ウラル甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)は、北中国、モンゴル、ロシアのシベリア地域、カザフスタン、パキスタンに広く分布する多年生のマメ科植物です(Christian et al., 2018)。また、韓国などの国々でも好まれ、広く利用されています。

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